宾语从句时态(宾语从句的三种时态)7-20 23:38·东林书院
一、宾语从句:置于动词、介词等词性后面,在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句过"三关":时态,语序,连词。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句,有些形容词(afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。
二、宾语从句中引导词的用法
在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词:who, whose, what ,which
副词:when ,where, how, why 等。
(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句:The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。(否定前置)
例句:I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
(二)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句 (IF在宾语从句里的含义为:是否,如果表示如果,则是在条件状语从句里)
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句:I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句
1、在带to的不定式前
We decided whether to walk there.
I don’t know whether to accept or refuse.
2、在介词的后面
I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
3、直接与or not连用时
I can’t say whether or not they can come on time.
4, 当宾语从句提到句首时,只能使用whether,不能用if.
Whether it is true or not, I can’t tell.
(三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语, 所以不可以省略。
例句:Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
Do you know who will come this afternoon?
Did you hear what she said?
英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。不可以省略
例句:None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
We don’t know when she would come back.
三、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
例句:Could you tell me when the train will leave?
四、宾语从句的时态
1、主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
He says (that) they have returned already.
2、主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。(此时根据具体语境判断)
(必须是跟过去相关的时态,如过去进行时,过去时,过去将来时,过去完成时)
例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
I knew they were studying English.
3、当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
五、宾语从句的特点
1、宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2、宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3、连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。
4、whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5、如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it或 如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语,通常采用形式宾语模式。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他明确地说他宁愿学习英语。